Monitoring Change in Costa Tuticorin coast - Spain, using remote sensing and GIS tools

Introduction

Shoreline or coast, the border between land and sea changes its shape and position continuously due to the dynamic conditions of the environment. The change in shoreline is mainly associated with waves tides, winds, periodic storms, the sea level change, the geomorphic processes of erosion and accretion and human activities. Coastal formations described Recent and destructions that have occurred along the coast. Waves change coastal morphology and coastal landforms distinctive forms. The loose granular sediments continuously respond to ever-changing waves and currents. The beach profile is important because it can be seen as an effective natural mechanism that causes waves to break and dissipate energy. When dams are built, which alter the natural balance between the sources of beach sediments and the littoral drift pattern. In response, the shoreline changes configuration in an attempt to reach a new equilibrium (Ramesh and Ramachandran, 2001). Monitoring changes in the coast helps to identify the nature and processes that caused these changes in a specific area, to assess the human impact and to plan management strategies. Remote sensing data could be used effectively to monitor changes along the coastal area including the beach with a reasonable accuracy. Remote sensing data help and / or replace the conventional survey by its repetitive and less cost-effective. Therefore, in order to study coastal processes in Tuticorin coastal area, the shoreline change, wave action, bathymetry and geomorphology Coastal Remote Sensing and analyzed using GIS tools.

Study area

Tuticorin coast is an important port and is a rapidly developing sector. The study area falls into the range of latitude and longitude 8 ° 40 '- 8 ° 55' N and 78 ° 0 '- 78 ° 15' E in the Tamil Nadu coast eastern India (Fig. 1). Major industries such as Southern Petrochemical Industrial Corporation, Power Plant, Chemicals Tuticorin alkaline and heavy water plant also are present in this area. Due to the rapid development activities in the coastal area experienced major changes.
Tuticorin was a center of maritime trade and pearl fishing for over 2000 years. To meet increasing trade through Tuticorin, the government of India has sanctioned the construction of a port of Weather in Tuticorin. On 11.7.1974, the newly constructed Tuticorin Port was declared as the main port tenth. On 1/4/1979, the old port of Tuticorin minor and the new construction of main Tuticorin port merged and Tuticorin Port Trust was formed in the main event in Port Trusts, 1963.

Methodology

Geomorphology

Geocoded IRS LISS III May 2002 images are used to prepare the adoption of technical geomorphology map visual interpretation. In this study, the classification system developed by the Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad for the entire nation geomorphological mapping Coastal was adopted for the study (SAC 1991).

Coastline change

Survey of India toposheets L1 and L5 (1969) (Lat: 8 ° 40 '- 8 ° 55 'Long: 78 ° 0' - 78 ° 15 ', scale 1:50,000) were used as a base map. They are digitized, edited, projected geometrically and transformed through ARC INFO to keep the real world coordinates. To eliminate the effect of tidal influence in the study of shoreline change, low tide Satellite data are used. SOI toposheets 1969, Landsat TM May 5, 1993, IRS P2 LISS II in May 1996 and IRS 1C LISS III May 2002 satellite data were used to assess changes in the coastline for 33 years period from 1969 to 2002. Raster data acquired by satellites are geometrically corrected using the Survey of India as a base toposheet. More than 25 ground control points were taken and the Root Mean Square (RMS) error for the geometric correction is 0.002. Band 1 of the IRS P2 LISS II 1996, the band of 5 LANDSAT 5 TM in 1993 and 3 bands of IRS 1C LISS III 2002 were used. These bands were used according to their different contrast between land and ocean. In these bands, the information content is more in the land compared with water. The 1993 TM Landsat 5, P2 IRS 1996 and IRS 1C LISS III data for 2002 were vectorized screen by taking scanning technique with a single pixel level zoom using ERDAS Imagine 8.4 software. Vector layers got coast through screen digitization in ERDAS imagine and through vectorization were imported as ArcInfo coverage of Arc of the four previous sets of data. Each data set was a circle of ID 1 and 2 Size of the land to the ocean. The coastline from the survey of India 1969 toposheet and enclosed littoral by the satellite data of Landsat 5 TM 1993, the IRS P2 1996, IRS 1C and 2002 were kept in different coverage in the same projection and map coordinates. These four overlapping coverage through Arc GIS information. map coastal change from 1969 to 1993, 1993 and 1996 and from 1996 to 2002 were generated. The resolution is different for different satellite data products. For Landsat 5 TM, IRS 1C and IRS P2 resolutions were 30 million and 23.5 million respectively 73.5m. Although there is a difference in resolution, the technique edge detection gives a clear demarcation of land borders and water. The coastline features were taken to Arcview GIS for further consultation and analysis.

Wave pattern recognition

Remote sensing is becoming an important tool in identifying coastal processes in space. infrared band provides maximum information on ocean parameters, so that the band 3 of IRS P2 1996, the band 2 of IRS 1C 2001 and the band 2 of IRS 1C 2002 were used to the identification of wave patterns. noise reduction technique is applied to the IRS P2 May 1996, IRS 1C May 2001 and May 2002 of the IRS 1C data to improve the image. Technique convolution filter with 3 * 3 kernel is applied to detect edge IRS P2 May 1996 May 2001 IRS 1C and IRS 1C May 2002 to improve the properties of waves to interpretation.

Coastal Bathymetry

Bathymetry for coastal studies Naval Hydrographic Organization (NHO) 1999 is successful interpolated, interpreted and analyzed using ArcInfo and ArcView GIS. The number of successes is NHO 2075, the scale is 1:50,000 and the density of field surveys is 4 per square km This picture was taken in 1975-1976, the Transverse Mercator projection, updated in 1999 and the tide levels with respect to the reference of the surveys is Lat 8 ° 48 'and Long 78 ° 10 'and the height in meters above MHWS data is 1.0, 0.7 MHWN, MLWN 05, 03 and 0.6 respectively MLWS MSL. TIN interpolation technique is adopted for spatial interpolation and DEM generation. Zero is defined as data or reference to the depth measured. Representation of the seabed in this model is a way of raising of the matrix formed by superimposing a grid mesh on the surface and record the elevation value for each grid cell. The values of the cells are organized in a matrix in row and column of numbers implies the xy co-ordinate of the cell, respectively. The elevation of the matrix is produced by interpolation from points irregularly spaced data on a bathymetric contour map. The point of view in three dimensions and the slope of the bathymetry is derived by applying the model NIF spatial analysis using Arc View 3.2a software.

Results and Discussion

Coastal Geomorphology

Sand beach

Sandy beaches are the product of interaction with the waves of a sandy beach on the shore. The sandy beaches have been widely developed along the entire coastal area study, except in some places. Tuticorin is covered by the long sandy beach and extensive. It trends north-south. Well developed sandy beach is identified below breakwater of the harbor to the south. This beach is dominated by a mixture of quartz, feldspar and mica minerals. The beach is as thick white patch in the southern breakwater port south on satellite imagery (Fig. 2).

Spit

A grill is a small point or low tongue bankment narrow, usually consisting of sand or gravel deposited by a drift time at sea and having one end attached to the end of the continent and other outdoor Tues Is identified with the white patch satellite images (Fig. 2). Two formations have been seen spitting in the south of the urban coast. Usually the formation of saliva has been attributed to the movement and deposition of materials for a long shore current (Thornbury 1969). Spit indicates seaward progradation (Loveson Rajamanickam and 1987). The saliva is about 0.75 to Tuticorin 2 km long and shaped tongue. spitting Tuticorin coast has resulted in long currents during monsoon and Sediment Discharges Tamiraparani river.

Beach ridges

Beach ridges are moderately undulating terrain features of the type of marine deposits, formed during the last pliestocene age, on the plains of the study area. They are low, the beach or beach dunes essentially continuous material (sand, gravel and gravel) piled by the action of waves and currents on the backshore a beach beyond the present limit of storm waves or the reach of normal tides, and occurring as single or as part of a series of deposits at a time given (Chockalingam 1993). The beach ridges have been recognized as representing the position of successive bank still in progress Sea coast of satellite images. Beach ridges are highly adapted Tuticorin.

Mud

Mudflat is a flat area that contains a liquid mixture of finely derived plastic particles of solid material, mainly silt and clay water. They are always associated with sanding environments such as lakes, estuaries and reservoirs others. Mudflats or formed by the deposition of fine inorganic material and organic waste in the form of particles. mud flats are wide costs of deposit of clay, silt, mud, etc. (Davies, 1972). Mudflats are well developed at the mouth of the river Koramballam Oodai, an estuarine environment. They appear as black on dark tone images satellite.

Dune complex

dune complex is an important geomorphological unit comprising of active landfills and loose sediments with a number negligible vegetation. In this area, the highest reported wind activity arising from migration, without a significant change in their shapes. Age is indicated Pliestocene to Recent (Loveson 1993). Tuticorin is situated in the dune complex.
Teri dune complex

Teri dune complex is an undulating terrain with lots of loose sand red dust and eolian sediments. Pliestocene represent the age of recent formation (Loveson 1993; Loveson et. Al 1990). They appeared as round to oval hills with vegetation dense. It is assumed that strong winds and continuous sweeping southwest monsoon vast clouds of dust from the dry surface of the red clay exposed at the base of the hills that have brought and deposited their sediment load near the coast to form the plain Teri dune complex (Ahmad, 1972). All complexes of dunes in this area are trending in northeast to the southeast. In recent years, these dunes Teri complexes are being used for cultivation as well. It is identified in yellow-green in satellite images.

Bank change

Coastline is one of the major coastal dynamic features, where land, air and sea. In any open coast, where artificial structures such as breakwaters port or interfere with Coast longshore currents changes dramatically. Chauhan and Nayak (1995) study shoreline changes using satellite data covering the period of low tide. During low tide condition, maximum land states and even under water line / water boundaries of the land and high water line are evident. This allows a better mapping of the coast. The demarcation and extension of the area sites of erosion and accumulation are consulted and are estimated using Arc View GIS package (Fig. 3). The total area of erosion during the periods 1969 1993, 1993 to 1996 and from 1996 to 2002 listed in Table 1. It was noted that during 1969 to 1993 the erosion along the coast of Tuticorin area was 9 ha. During the period 1993 to 1996 was 14 ha and in the period 1996 to 2002 was 18 ha. Most of the erosion was noted in the sandbank, Hare Island, and the urban coast (Fig. 3). The total area of the accretion in 1969 to 1993 period from 1993 to 1996 and 1996 to 2002 are shown in Table 2. Accretion in each period were 138 hectares (1969 to 1993)
18 ha (1993 to 1996) and 23 ha (1996 to 2002) (Fig. 3). Since accretion was more than the erosion along the coast could be regarded as the edge of progradation. Rajamanickam (1991) observed the characteristics of emergence and immersion, respectively, along the southern parts of Tamil Nadu. He also suggested along upwarping Tuticorin area.

For the analysis of shoreline change in the study area, specific sites, such as southern port breakwater, Hare Island sand spit and the urban coast were studied by erosion and accretion. urban coast is the coastline of the urban area. It is defined and shown in Figure 3. The extension the area of erosion and increase observed in the aforesaid areas are presented in Table 3 and 4. Both erosion and accumulation of factors were avoided in the environment estuary on the delimitation of the coastline is not accurate as possible in the estuarine environment because this area is very dynamic.

In spit of sand (Fig. 4 and 5), during 1969 to 1993 was 4 hectares erosion and accumulation was 7 hectares in 1993 to 1996 was 4 hectares erosion and accumulation was 3 ha and during 1996 to 2002 erosion was 5 ha. and the accumulation was 2 ha (Table 3 and 4). In spit of sand erosion is noted in the wave exposed side and the accumulation noted in the leeward side of the saliva. This may be due to sediment eroded from the wave exposed side to the leeward side of the saliva.

Tombalo training structure noted in Tuticorin between mainland and the island of Hare
(Fig. 2). This is due to sedimentation from south to north coast which is on the island and the Hare Continental to link. It took years to geological linking the mainland and the island of Hare. In Hare Island (Fig. 4 and 5) for the period from 1969 to 1993 erosion was 4 hectares from 1993 to 1996 erosion was 6 hectares in 1996 to 2002 erosion was 6 ha (Table 3). No activity observed accretion on the island of Hare.

In South Harbor breakwater (Fig. 4 and 5) for the period from 1969 to 1993 was 81 hectares of accretion, during 1993 to 1996 was 8 hectares of accretion and during 1996 to 2002 was 18 acres of accretion. No erosion observed (Table 4). Accretion takes place here as curvilinear. Curvilinear accretion along the coast in the results of a similar formation of paleo beach and cords were also observed from the beach. The curvaceous training this paleo cords is termed as geomorphologically strandlines.

In the urban coast (Fig. 4 and 5), erosion was 1 ha and 15 ha accumulation was during 1969 to 1993, erosion was 3 acres and the accumulation was 6 hectares from 1993 to 1996, and erosion was 3 acres and accumulation was 3 hectares for the period 1996 to 2002. Observation shows that erosion and accretion is less is more on this site (Table 3 and 4). It is also noted that there is shoreline change both in the urban context. Loveson and Rajamanickam (1987 and 1988a) and Loveson et al (1990) have also reported changes in coastal southern coast of India on the basis of the deposition of landforms as beach ridges, etc. occurrence of backwater area, through interpretation based remote sensors geomorphological. Loveson and Rajamanickam (1988b) have also indicated the possible fall of sea level on the coast of Tuticorin due to neotectonic emergency fund marine. The wind force noted in the Tuticorin area were highest in the northwest, northeast and north directions, respectively. Prevailing winds were also observed in the South West, South and Southeast directions, but most months of experience NW, NE and N winds only. The wind speed ranges 9-16 km / hr.

Table 1: The erosion on the coast of Tuticorin observed during 1969, 1993, 1996 and 2002

Erosion Year
1969-1993 9 ha.
1993-1996 of 14 ha.
1996-2002 18 ha.

Table 2: accretion observed in the Tuticorin coast during 1969, 1993, 1996 and 2002
Accretion Year
1969-1993 138 ha.
1993-1996 18 ha.
1996-2002 24 hectares.

Table 3: The erosion observed at specific sites in the Tuticorin coast during 1969, 1993, 1996 and 2002

Hare Island Costa Urbana spit Year
1969-1993 4 ha. 4 ha. 1 ha.
1993-1996 4 ha. 6 ha. 3 ha.
1996-2002 5 ha. 6 ha. 3 ha.
1969-2002 13 ha. 16 ha. 7 ha.

Table 4: accretion observed at specific sites in the Tuticorin coast during 1969, 1993, 1996 and 2002

Next Year Spit south of the harbor breakwater Costa Urbana
1969-1993 7 ha. 81 ha. 15 ha.
1993-1996 3 ha. 8 ha. 6 ha.
1996-2002 2 ha. 18 ha. 3 ha.
1969-2002 12 ha. 107 ha. 24 ha.

Wave pattern

Depending on the type of wave that was present in the imagery, the various features such as waves refracted, diffracted waves and shadow area is identified. These characteristics play an important role in shaping the coast, which also depends on geographical characteristics that exist along the coast.

Wave refraction

In the study area of refraction of waves is observed at the tip of the northern breakwater of the port. Propagation and refraction pattern is clearly identified in IRS P2 May 1996 and IRS 1C LISS III May 2001 and IRS 1C LISS III May 2002 satellite images (Fig. 6, 7 and 8). The progressive linear wave zone of high sea is almost progressing at an angle of 115 degrees from the continent. The obliquity of the wave propagation is measured using ArcView GIS 3.2. They range from SW to NE, to the mainland. The north jetty is exactly perpendicular (90 °) to the direction of the wave (Fig. 6, 7 and 8). When the wave touches the northern breakwater of the wave breaks along the breakwater. The refracted wave passes by the port breakwater, nearly two miles away and dissipates its energy (Fig. 6, 7 and 8). In the southern breakwater bank is present and is under difficult refracted waves and dissipates its energy. This refracted wave does not cause any change in coastal geomorphology of the peninsula, because it does not touch.

Wave diffraction

Diffraction of water waves is a process by which the energy flow laterally along the wave crest. example most obvious is when the waves are intercepted by an impenetrable structure such as seawalls. The presence of an obstruction scattered wave disturbance and give rise to fanning of lee wave trains or the shadow of the obstruction. Diffraction is a common phenomenon around the islands and can create substantial distortions to the coastal region adds to the dynamic nature of the coast. IRS P2 May 1996, the IRS LISS III 2001 and IRS LISS III data for 2002 gives a clear representation of the diffracted waves in the area study. Diffraction wave is observed on the island and Vann, and Hare Island. Since these islands were the main source for obstruction of ocean waves, result fanning a wave train (Fig. 6, 7 and 8). Diffracted wave around with face hare Island and dissipates energy. Change the coastline is clearly seen in Fig. 3. Erosion has been identified in the sand spit and Hare Island only due to the diffraction of waves. This is interpreted through the IRS P2 1996, IRS 1C 2001 and 2002 of the IRS 1C study coastal processes and 1969 2002 Study shoreline change. The erosion / accretion problem in the study area is not due to the location of the port and its activity. Accretion observed on the leeward side of sand spit due to this diffraction (Fig. 5). The deposition of sediments is also due to the convergence of the diffracted wave in windward side of the sand spit.

Shadow Zone

When two waves converge with each other, the energy in the place of convergence becomes negligible and the waves have calmed. The point at which the two waves is known as convergent point of convergence and the area in which this phenomenon occurs is known as the shadow zone. shaded area is well identified from the IRS P2 1996, IRS 1C LISS III 2001 and IRS 1C LISS III 2002 imaginary. In the study area shows the shaded area in the middle Hare Island and the island of Vann and also below the dam to the south port. When the diffracted wave as Hare Island and the Isle of Vann converge, forming shady area. The point of convergence and the shadow zone is clearly seen in Figure 6. The same phenomenon was observed beneath the south jetty. Here when taps linear progressive wave the south jetty of the port of the wave breaks. From inside the country is curvilinear waves converge mainland south jetty with the waves and forms a progressive linear shadow zone (Fig. 6, 7 and 8). Not much problem because of the training area of shade in the study area.

Bathymetry

Monitoring coastal bathymetry is essential for the development of ports and coastal structures. It is also important for the exploration and exploitation of non-living and living resources, to understand the dynamics of ocean processes on continental shelves, for mooring of vessels and evaluation of marine habitats. In a GIS, modeling Z axis has become an important element. When the 3-D model is specifically applied to represent the field, then this digital representation elevation is known as a digital elevation model (DEM). The 3D Elevation Bathymetry Tuticorin Naval Hydrographic derivative graph shows in Figure 9. The analysis of the slope of the port of Tuticorin and its surroundings inferred from the 3-dimensional bathymetry reveals that the slope is gradually decreasing in the direction of NW to SE. gentle slope (1 to 4 °) is observed adjacent to the urban coast and above and below the port area (Fig. 9). Attenuation wave is more when it comes to the area near the coast where the depth is minimal and the wave patterns observed due to this attenuation is clearly seen by satellite remote sensing (Fig. 8).

Waves observed from satellite images and shoreline change have been integrated and the effect of wave action on erosion / accretion site gives the reason why the site is eroding or accreting. On the other hand also supports this bathymetry. The analysis of wave action 1996 - 2002 provides the information that the wave action is similar from the geological past. Furthermore the study area has also given pattern accumulation as seen through strandlines present in southern port of Tuticorin. So this wave of data gives a clear idea about changing coastline in this study. From the vicinity of the port, in the direction from northwest to SE, steep slopes were observed over the coast (Fig. 9). The net sediment transport is from south to north. Delta sedimentation also seen near Koramballam Odai and this mouth of the river is protected with a value of less than 2m deep. This is very clearly identified through satellite imagery. The sediment transport and slope variations inferred from coastal urban areas and port clearly show that the chances are lower for sediment to enter the port breakwater (Fig. 9). dredging activity therefore does not require much in the area of the port of Tuticorin.

Conclusion

The coastal processes in Tuticorin coastal area, the shoreline change, wave action, bathymetry and coastal geomorphology were analyzed using remote sensing and GIS tools. The erosion and accumulation observed in Tuticorin using satellite imaginary time show that the dynamics This shoreline is natural and not due to human interference. Coastal processes play an important role in shaping coastal configuration of this area. The integrated approach using Remote Sensing and GIS tools clearly illustrates the cause and the reasons for changing coastline. The results of this study will be useful for coastal management.

About the Author

The Author is a Project Manager in Stesalit Inc.

http://www.stesalit-inc.com/userexperience.html

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