INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Introduction to Hardware Engineering
Case Study Guide
Module 2
Prepared by: Friday Agabi
Computer Science and Engineering Department
This Study Guide is organized into three chapters:
Chapter One: Identifying Hardware
Chapter Two: Computer System Assembly
Chapter Three: Troubleshooting Computer System and maintenance
Chapter One
Computer Hardware ID
A computer system contains the following components / devices:
Tower or desktop case
Motherboard
Processor
Memory
Graphic card
Sound card
Modem and network card
Diskette
Disk Hard
CD-ROM / DVD-ROM
PC Speakers
Monitor
Optional Extras
CD Recorder
ZIP drive
TV-Card
A desktop or tower case is required to hold all components. It's his personal preference on which one
you decide to choose. The cases of the desktop or tower coming two ATX form factor and AT. Almost all cases
today are ATX motherboards as the manufacturer of most of your motherboard ATX format.
ATX Tower Deck
Motherboard
A motherboard is a printed circuit board (PCB) that connects the processor, memory and all your expansion cards
together to assemble a PC.
The processor
The processor also known as CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of a computer.
Memory
Memory is the name given to silicon chips that store volatile computer data. Volatile means that the content
memory will be lost if the power of the computer is off.
Graphic card
Graphics Card provides an output to your monitor screen. Your graphics device is very likely that your motherboard.
Sound card
If you require sound your PC, then you will need a sound card. sound drivers also come with onboard system
today.
Modem
Modem stands for Modulator Demodulator. It converts digital signals to analog so you can travel through your
phone line, and vice versa. A modem is an element essential if you intend to connect your PC to the Internet
are using dial-up access. It is also on the board of most computers.
Ethernet Cards
Ethernet cards are usually purchased separately from a computer, but many computers (such as Macintosh)
now include an option for an Ethernet network card pre-installed.
FDD
You need a FDD to access floppies.
Hard Drive
Hard drive stores all your data including the operating system, applications, user files and documents.
CD-ROM
Almost all operating systems and applications software on a CD. It is therefore essential to have a unit CD-ROM
to install applications.
PC speakers
Monitors
CD / DVD Recorder
CD / DVD Writer is a very good choice for a backup device.
ZIP drive
If you need to transfer large files from one PC to another, is very floppy useless because of limited
storage capacity. A ZIP drive could be your answer as ZIP disks can store 100 or 250 MB, depending on which model
you choose.
TV Card
A TV card gives the option to watch TV on your monitor.
Chapter Two
A STEP BY STEP GUIDE TO THE COMPUTER SYSTEM ASSEMBLY
If you are thinking about building your own PC, or need practical information on PC hardware or software, you have
in the right place. Easy to follow step by step guide along with many images, even a beginner can build,
set up and configure your own PC.
This section gives an opportunity to learn more about hardware and software personnel. We offer
clear easy to follow step by step instructions on how to build your own PC, according with its own specification. By
building your own PC you get exactly what you need and you can save allot of money compared to buying a new
PC manufactured.
At the end of the guide will have a fully functional PC that everything works properly, to meet their individual needs. Also
provide advice and instructions on installing a specific hardware, this can be useful if you already have a PC and want to
to update or add certain types of hardware.
The information is placed in the appropriate category. The hardware section provides information on all
PC hardware needed, such as the motherboard, CPU, memory, etc. It offers a guide to help you decide what
hardware is adequate for your needs. Our step by step pictorial guide shows you how to assemble a PC from scratch.
The software section that shows how to configure a new hard drive using appropriate software, so it is ready for installation a
operating system. Installation Guide for Windows XP is provided so that the system is up and running quickly and
smoothly. If you have a problem the troubleshooting section should take care of things. So what
waiting to start building a PC today.
Information on hardware
To build from scratch your PC will have to buy all the necessary hardware. The first thing to take into account
before starting to shop around for hardware PC is the specification of hardware. You should think about what
you will use your PC to before you buy expensive luxury hardware. Otherwise, just buy hardware
that offers advanced features that may not be necessary for your needs and end up losing your money. For
example, you may be using your PC for word processing, spreadsheet and web browsing. You could not get the
big profits by purchasing a 3D graphics card in advance, or with a top of the processor range. A simple graphical
card and a media-processor range to meet their needs.
Below is a list of all necessary hardware to build the system, except the obvious requirement, keyboard and mouse.
The purpose of each hardware is described, along with some guidelines to help you choose your hardware. Select the
required hardware for more information.
Tower or Desktop case
Motherboard
Processor
Memory
Graphics Card
Sound card
Modem
Diskette
Hard Drive
CD-ROM / DVD-ROM
PC Speakers
Monitor
Optional Extras
CD Recorder
ZIP drive
TV-Card
Desktop or Tower Case
A desktop or tower case is required to hold all components. It's his personal preference on which one decides to choose. The desktop
or Tower cases come two ATX form factor and AT. Almost all cases performed today are ATX and motherboard manufacturers that most
your motherboard in ATX format. All cases come with power supply (power supply unit), space to set up your FDD, CD-ROM, hard disk, etc. The case I
to use for demonstration is an ATX Midi Tower case, as shown below.
Motherboard
A motherboard is a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) that connects the processor, memory and all your expansion cards
together to assemble a PC. Most motherboards ATX performed today. An ATX motherboard has the standard E / S
(Input / output) and PS / 2 ports, parallel ports, serial ports, etc. Built on the motherboard. Old Testament
the motherboard on the other hand uses I / O cards and cables that need to be connected to the motherboard, which
some disorder. AT motherboard requires AT AT keyboard and power supply. ATX motherboard fits into an ATX case and
comes with ATX power supply. The following is a picture of an ATX motherboard.
As has been enlarged image, the motherboard comes with several expansion card slots and connectors.
It comes with 3 different expansion slots, one AGP, 5 PCI and 1 ISA slot. The AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is where
that connect and AGP graphics card. PCI slots is where you connecting cards such as sound card,
modem, TV card, etc. The ISA slot is all an old type of bus which is very useful if you have some older hardware, like a
old modem or data card ISA sound. The other connectors includes making Intel 370 CPU socket, DIMM slot
SDRAM, IDE connector to connect the hard disk, CD-ROM or other IDE devices and the FDD connector.
The processor
The processor also known as CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of a computer. The faster the processor, run faster
instructions and implement its programs. The major manufacturers are Intel and AMD CPU. Whichever you choose manufacturer decides
you have Make sure you buy a compatible motherboard.
Before purchasing your CPU in mind that the system will be used for. If you are going to use its processing system text, navigation
the web or other basic tasks, may be sufficient for the use of an Intel Celeron or AMD Duron processor, both of which are available a
very competitive price.
If the system will be used for spreadsheets, databases, graphics and games in advance then you should consider Intel Pentium processor
4 / Pentium D or AMD Athlon 64 / Athlon 64 X2. Pentium D and Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core are both. What does that have two
CPU on a chip. They are also 64-bit and support the new operating system Windows Vista. These processors are very fast and are
able to handle most of your needs computer. For the construction of our demonstration PC we will use a 866Mhz Intel Pentium III Socket 370
processor, as shown in the picture below.
Memory
that the name given to silicon chips that store computer data volatile. Volatile means that the memory contents will be lost if the power of
off. memory stores some of its operating system and application data while it is running. The more memory you have in your
more application can run simultaneously and provide a better overall system performance.
Memory comes in many. The old system uses SDRAM, while the current system uses DDR-SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous
Dynamic Random Access Memory). Depending on your CPU bus, you have to use SDRAM to match with your CPU bus speed. For example, PIII
750 runs at 100Mhz bus speed so you need to 100MHz SDRAM running, known as PC100 SDRAM. Without However, if you will
PIII 866 will require use PC133 SDRAM running at 133MHz bus speed. You also have to make sure your motherboard can support
these speeds. The new generation memory are currently out. Intel P4 use of Rambus RDRAM memory, known as the new AMD processors
use of DDR2 SDRAM. Some of the known memory manufactures are crucial, Kingston and Samsung.
The following is an image of PC133 SDRAM to be used for our demonstration PC.
Graphic card
Graphics cards provide display output to your monitor. There are many manufacturers out there graphics cards
launch a new card on the market nearly every three to six months as it is one of the most competitive hardware
market. While choosing a graphics card into account what was to be used for. For applications 2D as the word processor,
etc spreadsheet, a basic graphics card with about 8 MB or 16 MB of graphics memory will be sufficient to
their needs. They also allow you to run your monitor at various resolutions. However, if required for 3D functionality
running 3D applications or games that require 3D 3D graphics card with at least 128MB or 256MB
video memory.
You can buy a graphics card with PCI, AGP or PCI-Express bus. However, Most recent motherboards have AGP or
PCI-E slot and therefore, use an AGP or PCI-E graphics if your motherboard has an AGP or PCI-E
slot. Graphic card PCI Express graphics offers much greater bandwidth translates into better performance. The
current top end graphics card are made by NVIDIA (GeForce) and ATI (Radeon). The graphics card we
to use for our demonstration PC is a GeForce II 64 MB AGP card as shown below.
Sound card
If you require sound for your PC, you will need a sound card. As a basis for sound cards are very cheap, it is
to consider a sound card. It offers many benefits, such as running multimedia applications
sound, listening to the waves, midi and MP3 music files or even play your Audio CDs. If you are thinking in games
on your PC then have a sound card is a necessity. Most current motherboards have also built on sound. One of the
most popular sound cards are the Creative SoundBlaster range. We'll use a Creative Live 1024 Sounblaster for
our demonstration PC shown below.
Modem
Modem stands for Modulator Demodulator. It converts digital signals to analog so you can travel through his
phone line, and vice versa. A modem is essential if you intend to connect the PC to the Internet.
There are many types out there modems based on the Rockwell / Connexant v.90 chipset. There are two types of
modem, software and hardware. modem software uses CPU resources to perform their tasks and runs a
virtual COM port. hardware modem performs its functions using the onboard chipset and therefore has no
CPU resources. It also runs a physical examination COM communication port that is, 3. Software modems, also known as
winmodem can only run on a Windows operating system while the hardware-based modem can run on operating
systems such as Linux. external modems are mostly hardware based and connect to the serial port. Also can get
external modems that connect to the USB port, however most of these are based on software.
Analog modems are currently in decline as they are being replaced by digital modems used for high
speed broadband Internet. Also known as ADSL modem or ADSL router. ADSL modems are mostly external, but
you can get ADSL modem. Many people are also using wi-fi ADSL routers, which provides an excellent way
shared Internet connection with several computers. Some common providers are ADSL Router Netgear, Belkin and DLink.
I decided to use a V.90 modem Connexant 56K PC software for our demonstration, since it has very good results in
terms of discharge.
Ethernet Cards
network cards are usually purchased separately from a computer, but many computers (such as Macintosh)
now include an option for an Ethernet network card pre-installed. Ethernet cards contain connections for both coaxial or twisted
pair cables (or both) (See fig. 1). If it is designed for coaxial cable, the connection is BNC. If you designed for
twisted pair, which will have a RJ-45 connection. Some Ethernet cards also contain an AUI. This can be used for
pair attach coaxial, twisted or fiber optic cable to an Ethernet card. When this method is used there is always a
external transceiver connected to the workstation. (See wiring section for more information on the connectors.)
FDD
You need a FDD to access floppies. Although the disks are of limited capacity, only 1.44 mb, each PC is old
almost certainly have a FDD. Floppy disk and now comes the end of its useful life as some current PCs
are built without a drive. This is due to the popularity of USB Flash drives. diskette is ideal for storing small
files and documents, create boot disks, and file transfer small. I really do not care if you make FDD
purchase, because they are cheaper and performs the same task.
Hard Drive
Hard drive stores all your data including operating system, applications, user files and documents. It is a nonvolatile
storage, which means that the content hard drive is not lost if the PC is off.
There are three different types of hard drive, which are IDE / ATA, SCSI, SATA (Serial ATA). Most home PCs are
equipped with IDE hard drives. SCSI hard disks are included, mainly in servers and workstations as powerful
offer better transfer rate data which results in better performance than IDE drives. However modern SATA drives
not far behind SCSI drives in terms of performance with the introduction new SATA 300.
The price of IDE / SATA have fallen dramatically in recent years. You can buy a unit too large for a
price competitive. It is better to buy a disk that is big enough as it is cheaper. An entry level recommended
unit would be 80 GB to 120 GB. The largest maker of hard disk IBM, Seagate, Maxtor, Western Digital
Fujitsu. For our demonstration PC I have chosen to use an IBM ATA100 drive as shown below.
CD-ROM
Almost all operating systems and applications software on a CD. It is therefore essential to have a CD-ROM
to install applications. Some programs require that the CD is in the CD-ROM for the program running.
For example, several free and games. CD-ROM can also be used to reproduce Standard audio CD in your
PC.
If you intend to watch DVD movies on your PC, then it would require a DVD-ROM that can perform all
tasks in a CD-ROM and play as movies on DVD.
CD-ROM come in different speeds, the faster disk, the faster it will install the applications. the specifies two DVD drives
types of gears, one for installing the software and for the extraction of DVD. For example, a DVD drive
specification 16x32x DVD means it is a 16 speed and 32 speed CD. Some of the CD / DVD-ROM manufacturers
are Toshiba, Poinar, Hitachi, LG and Samsung.
speakers PC
A quality sound card would not be much of a benefit without a good pair of PC speakers. Most computer speakers are
Magnetically shielded not to interfere with your monitor, but there are some budget speakers out there
are not shielded, so check before buying. If you are only going to use speakers for sound and music and basic
not one of those people who play CDs on a PC then you can get away with a PC speaker budget. Without But if you play
games and CD's then you should consider a speaker system with sub-woofer. These are produced in high quality
sound suitable for most task.
Monitors
It is important that you get a quality monitor that is comfortable to view. Monitors come is different sizes and refresh
rate. Monitor 17 "are becoming standard input control. 15" monitors are good if you're running with a low resolution and
not use for long hours. As monitor prices have fallen in recent months is recommended that takes into account a
17 "or 19" monitor. You can run these monitors to a higher resolution and refresh rate, which means they are more
nice to see and you can work with them for hours. Monitors are measured diagonally. If there is a 17 "monitor that
does not mean that is the actual viewing area. Some 17 "comes with a viewable area 16" is good when
others may be as low as 15.6 ". Monitors consist of thousands of pixels (the tiny dots you see on the screen). Menor
pixels produces sharp high-definition screen. Settle for something that is at least .25 mm dot pitch. If you buy
a 17 "make sure you can handle refresh rate at least 85 Hz at 1024 * 768 resolution. A 19 "monitor should
handle at least 1280 * 1024 85Hz
Currently, the device further observation TFT flat panel displays are popular. They are now more accessible than before. More
people prefer TFT flat panel displays, as it saves a lot of space on the desktop. Also are more comfortable view.
CD / DVD Writer
CD / DVD is a very good choice for a backup device. Allows back up the contents of the hard disk
a CD-R, CD-RW and DVD-R disc. It also allows you to backup your existing application CD. As a blank CD are
very cheap is a reasonable safety device.
Like all other PC Hardware CD / DVD comes in different speed. A 32-speed drive can burn a full 650MB CD in
about 4 minutes and a 52-speed drive can write in about three minutes and so on. Rewritable CDs are available in the IDE and
Interface SCSI. You will need a SCSI card if you choose to receive a SCSI model.
CD / DVD is only backup device, you can use to create your own CD audio, Photo CD, Video CD
etc. You can also use your CD or DVD Almeida just the way you use the hard drive, using the drag and copy files usual place.
Most CD / DVD included with the software that can perform all the tasks I mentioned.
ZIP drive
If you need file transfer large one PC to another, is useless floppies due to their limited
storage capacity. A ZIP drive could be your answer as ZIP disks can store 100 or 250 MB, depending on which model
you choose. Zip disks are similar to floppy disks, but are slightly larger. The data can be written and read from ZIP disk
much faster than a floppy disk. ZIP disks can be used in a manner similar to the disks themselves to a
easy to use security device.
Zip drives have become obsolete due to resource capable CD and DVD. A much more popular option is to use USB Flash
unit also known as Pen Drive.
TV Card
A TV card gives you the option to watch TV on your monitor. TV cards are very useful because it offers more than
watch TV. Can connect the VCR to the TV card so you can see the video too. One of the useful things
to have a TV card is that you can use to capture video. Using the software necessary can capture video
in different formats such AVI or MPEG files. One of the popular TV card WinTV PCI Haupauge as shown below.
Cards TV spots were all analog devices. Now you can get Digital TV card that lets you view digital terrestrial
television channels. You can even get digital satellite and cable TV cards.
Mounting hardware
If you have purchased all necessary hardware are assembled by hand your PC. Before unpacking the
components of their original anti-static bags to be put on your wrist strap, who turns his car.
It is important to yourself or download There is a hazard that can damage your components antistatic
shock when touching components. If you do not have an antistatic wrist strap that can meet touching your car
metal edges of your ATX case, but this is not recommended.
Now you can proceed to install the first stage mother.
The first thing to be do is to uncompress your ATX case. Remove the lid of your case so you can access the
inside. Place the box on a table so that you are looking at the box open. Your case should come with
motherboard mounting screws. ATX backplate If your not already fitted can fit on your plate placed near
ATX backplate cut and pushing the plate toward the outside, you should clip.
Now place your motherboard on top of the holes in the mounting screws. Make sure your devices ATX on the motherboard
as PS / 2 and parallel port facing the rear ATX cut. Gently push the motherboard to the
court, all devices must easily fit into their proper court, as shown below.
The screw holes on the motherboard should align with the screw holes in case. Place screws provided
the case in the appropriate holes and gently screw on the use of a screwdriver.
The board is firmly mounted case. You can now place the ATX power connector to the
motherboard. Your case should come with an ATX power supply (PSU) and it should be mounted on the case.
ATX power connector is shown in the picture below.
Place the ATX power connector on the top of the socket on the motherboard. Push down the power connector and
should clip into the socket. If you try to fit the power connector backwards, it is, there is only one way.
So Therefore, if the power plug does not fit, should go in the reverse.
Next - Processor (CPU) Installation
Locate the processor socket on the motherboard. I am installing an Intel PIII 866 processor in a socket 370 as shown
in the following image. The facility would be a little different if you Slot1 has a different processor is, the CPU PIII,
P4 CPU, AMD Slot A / Socket A CPU, etc.
Lift the lever coffee outlet and gradually put the processor in place. You have to make sure that pin 1 of its
CPU enters the pin 1 of the CPU socket CPU otherwise would not get into the socket, so do not try to force it in.
Will go for care if it fits properly. Now close the brown lever to safely carry out the CPU instead. If you
purchased a retail box CPU included a heatsink + fan. If you bought an OEM CPU make sure you have a fan
is correct for the speed of your CPU, otherwise your CPU will overheat and behave abnormally or damaged.
Remove the plastic cover from the bottom CPU fan that covers the heat transfer pad. Now put the fan on the CPU
top of the CPU and push down the metal clips on the fan so that the clips on the CPU socket.
CPU fan has a power connector should be connected to the outlet fan the CPU into the motherboard as
shown in the picture above.
Finally, you have to specify the frequency (speed) of the CPU is running. This can be done using jumper settings or
in some modern motherboard that can be done in the BIOS, or motherboard may have for their automatic detection
Frequency CPU. Please consult your motherboard manual for details. The motherboard I am using (Abit BX133)
has a dip-stick bridge configuration and can be configured the BIOS. I left the jumper setting to default as I use the
BIOS to specify the frequency of the CPU. The CPU runs at 133MHz bus speed as Therefore I will use the settings 133 *
6.5 (multiplier) in the BIOS, the operation of a 866Mhz CPU.
Next - Installing Memory (SDRAM)
Installing memory is quite simple. SDRAM or DDRAM Find banks in your motherboard, which should be similar to
banks below. Notification memory bank has a white clip on each side. Be sure to release the clips so that bends
on each side.
Hold each corner of SDRAM memory placing at the top of the bank in January. You will notice that the SDRAM has a cut on the bottom
hand, is there to prevent the memoy going in reverse. If you are SDRAM clinging to the wrong way
you will not be able to insert it. Gently press the SDRAM and should clip in the memory bank. The two white
clips will now become in straight holding each corner of the memory. If you have more than one SDRAM perform same
steps above but placing the SDRAM memory bank 2 and so on.
Next - Installing hard drive
If you look at the back of an IDE hard drive which should be similar to the picture below.
The IDE / ATA connector is on the left side, which consists of many pins. Next to the IDE connector is the bridge
drive configuration. The jumper should be set to Master What is the default setting for a new hard drive. Any other device
sharing the same IDE cable should be set to slave. Different hard disk has a different configuration of the bridge, please consult your
HDD manual for more information. On the right side, next to the bridges is the connector food. All devices
except FDD uses this type of power connector. Figure 1 and 2 shows that 66 ATA and is a power cord
like. The ATA cable 66, also known as UDMA 66 IDE cable is a cable in advance, which offers higher
performance and data integrity that the standard cable IDE. ATA 66 wire cable has 80 conductors while the
standard IDE cable is a conductor cable 40. I am using a cable 66 because the previous ATA hard disk is a ATA
Unit 100 which requires a 66 ATA cable.
Figure 1 - ATA 66 Cable
Figure 2 - Power cord
Place the hard disk in the HDD mounting groove appropriate, make sure the connector IDE / ATA is facing outwards.
Screw the hard drive to the case using the screws included with the hard disk or the case of ATX.
Insert the ATA 66 cable into the connector on the ATA hard drive. Make sure the pin 1 cable connects to pin 1
hard disk connector. Pin 1 is the band red or pink on the edge of an ATA cable. Most new IDE / ATA cables are designed
so that only go in a way that corresponds to pin 1.
Push the power cable to the power connector as shown. The power cord is designed to go one way, so
should not be no problem.
Connect the other end of the ATA cable 66 to the primary outlet ATA on the motherboard as shown. Make sure the
pin 1 is connected to cable Pin 1 on the ATA socket.
That's all you have successfully installed a hard drive.
Next - Floppy Drive Installation
The back of a drive is similar to the following image.
The black connector on the left is the floppy connector. IDE connector is different and uses a
another cable. The small white connector on the right side is the power connector from the drive. Figure 1
and 2 below shows what a cable from the floppy drive and floppy drive power connector seems.
Figure 1 - cable for the floppy drive.
Figure 2 - Power supply to the floppy drive
Place the floppy drive in FDD mounting slot as shown. Bolt the unit securely in place.
Insert the cable from the floppy drive connector on the floppy drive. Sure that pin 1 of the cable connects to pin 1
connector on the floppy drive. As you know by now that the pin 1 is the strip of red or pink on the edge of the floppy drive
cable. Most of the drive cables are designed to only go on the road, so you can not connect it incorrectly.
Push the floppy drive power cable to power connector. This can only go on the road.
Finally, connect the other end of the floppy drive the floppy drive connector on the motherboard. Ensure pin 1
on the cable connects to pin 1 of connector.
Next - CD-ROM/DVD-ROM Installation
If Looking at the back of the CD / DVD-ROM should be similar to image shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
On the right side that has the power connector. Next to the power connector has the IDE connector. In the
left near the IDE connector is the jumper settings for DVD-ROM. The bridge is set to Master for
default. I'm connecting the DVD-ROM in a separate IDE cable so I'll leave the jumper to Master.
However if you want to share IDE cable with another device such as hard disk, then you have to put the bridge of slaves, as
hard drive would be set to Master. Beside the bridge is making audio CD output. One side of your audio
cable connects to the outlet side is connected to the sound card CD-in socket. This would allow you to listen
Audio CD in your computer.
Figure 2
Mount your CD / DVD-ROM in its mounting slot. Use the supplied screws to screw the unit into position.
Figure 3
Connect the IDE cable connector IDE disks. Make sure pin 1 of the cable is connected to pin 1 on the
IDE connector units. Pin 1 is the band red or pink on the edge of an IDE cable. Connect the other end of IDE cable
the taking of IDE on your motherboard as shown in Figure 4. Again, make sure the cable conncet to pin 1. The IDE
decision-making could be your primary or secondary according to which making your choice. If your drive is in primary
IDE connector and connector Secondary IDE is free, then it is better to use your secondary IDE socket for the CD / DVDROM.
Figure 4
Finally, connect the power cord connector supply and connect the audio cable to the audio CD takes output as shown
in Figure 3.
Next - Graphics card installation
Most Modern graphics cards are AGP based and connects to the AGP bus on the motherboard. An AGP bus (slot)
looks like the following image. The brown slot is the where you connect your AGP graphics card.
Place the AGP card on top of the slot and gently push down. The card should sit firmly in place.
All you need do now is screw the metal plate in front of the card for ATX. Use the supplied screws
with case and screw the card for the case.
Next - Sound card installation
Most modern sound cards are designed with the PCI interface and connects to the slot PCI on your motherboard. A PCI
slot appears that the slots in the next image.
Place the sound card on top of a chosen slot. Tap the card to settle into place. Once the card is
properly seated in position, screw the card into the case.
Finally insert the audio cable CD-IN jack. The other end of the cable must connect to the Audio Output
connector on the CD / DVD-ROM.
East - Modem Setup
Search a free PCI slot on the motherboard (assuming the modem is a PCI modem). Put your modem card in the top of the
slot and gently push down in position.
Once the card is placed correctly in position, screw the card to the box using the screws provided with the case.
Now that has installed all the prerequisite hardware devices. You can continue to the stage of completion, or if
may want to install optional devices such as a ZIP drive, CD-RW or a TV card. If you do not want to install these
devices can now proceed to the completion of the stage.
The following conclusion phase
Now that you've installed all the necessary hardware is still a few things you need to do before changing
on your PC for the first time. His case ATX has a power switch that turns the PC on, a reset button to restart the
system, an LED that flashes when the computer is on and an LED that emits the hard disk where data
be written or read from the hard disk. It also has an internal speaker.
Figure 1 - Reset Switch
The switches and LED's need to be connected to the corresponding connectors on the motherboard. Please see
your motherboard manual to locate the connectors are. Different plates instead of the connectors in the various
places. The connectors for the switches and LEDs are usually grouped. It should be similar to
the picture below.
Figure 2 - Switch and LED connectors
Each cable is usually the label, which usually are appointed as follows, but could be slightly different on your system.
Power ON / PWR-SW
Reset Reset switch
Power LED Power LED / PWR-LED
Hard Disk Drive HDD-LED LED / LED IDE
SPK Speaker / Speakers
The connectors on the motherboard is also labeled, but may be too small to see. Instead refer to the motherboard
manual to provide details about the pins that connect wires to. The image below shows how the
pin may be arranged in your motherboard.
Once you have connected all cables to the correct pins on the motherboard, you are ready to turn on the PC. In
this point, you can close the lid of your ATX case, but not yet as screw there may be potential problems
you need to rectify. Connect all cables to the back of the ATX. These include the main power cable that connects
to the source supply. PS / 2 mouse and keyboard that connects to the PS / 2. Monitor cable that connects to the
port of the graphics card, etc. has finally come yet. Turn on your first monitor. Your ATX power supply could
have a main power switch on the back so make sure turned on. Now start the PC by pressing the power
switch on the front of the ATX. If you have completed all tasks without error and provided that no
major components are defective, the PC should boot. When you start the PC you should see the name of the BIOS
manufacturer, such as AWARD BIOS that appears on your monitor. His type of CPU speed and amount of memory
should be displayed as shown in the picture below.
If your motherboard has a BIOS Plug and Play and is expected to detect automatic by default, then you would see
your IDE devices being detected followed by a complaint about the missing OS system. If your
motherboard does not detect the hardware, then you need to go to the BIOS setup screen by pressing Delete or F1
or F2 depending on the motherboard. Congratulations you have completed building your own PC. Now you need
proceed to the software section that explains how to configure the BIOS, hard drive and install an operating system.
If things were not going well and your PC does not come on then go to the troubleshooting section for possible
solutions.
Software
After assembling your PC you need to configure the BIOS, hard disk, and load an operating system for PC and
running. The tasks required are:
1. BIOS Setup
2. Hard disk partition and format.
3. Installing Windows 98 / ME
4. Installing Windows XP
Award BIOS Version Setup 6.00PG
This is the configuration of the BIOS v6.00PG Award BIOS. If you have a different version of the Award BIOS their would be a great
similarities. If your BIOS is AMI or Phoenix BIOS then the common characteristics that have some similarities. Whatever
BIOS you have, this setup guide should give you an idea about how BIOS setup. Note that the creation of BIOS
incorrectly can cause malfunction of the system, so it is recommended that you also follow the guide BIOS always
in your motherboard manual.
Click on any of the BIOS settings below to configure the function.
SoftMenu III installation PC Health
Standard CMOS Features Load Fail-Safe Defaults
Advanced BIOS Features Load Optimized Defaults
Advanced Chipset Features Password Settings
Integrated Peripherals Save & Exit Setup
Power Management Settings Abandon
PnP / PCI Configurations
SoftMenu III
SoftMenu III is where you set the CPU not the motherboard jumpers. You can configure the CPU
simply selecting the speed is ie Pentium III 750 list. This ensures that the bus from the CPU, voltage multiplier, etc., is
configured correctly for that particular CPU. However, you can manually configure each function, if necessary. Once you have completed
configuration with the press ESC to return to the previous menu. See Figure 1.
Figure 1: Set SoftMenu III
Standard CMOS Features
Here you can configure the BIOS basic functions such as date, time, type of disc, etc. Use the arrow keys to move
and press Enter to select the desired option. You can specify what is IDE hard drive, CDROM,
ZIP drive etc. The easiest way to configure the IDE devices is leaving it set to auto. This allows the BIOS
detect the devices automatically so you do not have to do it manually. At the bottom, but also shows the total memory
your system. See Figure 2.
Figure 2: Features Standard CMOS
As seen in Figure 3, there are numerous settings you can select in advance if necessary. For most cases
value remains default should be sufficient. As you can see the first boot device is set to disk. This ensures that
the disc is first read when you start the system, and therefore can boot from the Windows startup disk. The second boot
device is the drive and the third is set to LS120. If you want to boot from a CD Booting can then set the beginning of other
device for CD / DVD-ROM. See Figure 3.
Advanced Chipset Features
Here you can configure the contents of the buffers chipset. It is closely related with the hardware and therefore
recommends that you leave the default settings unless know what you are doing. After an incorrect setting can
make your system unstable. If you know your CAS 2 SDRAM can handle, after making can accelerate changes
memory timing. If you have 128 MB of SDRAM, then the maximum amount of memory you can use the AGP card is 128 MB.
See Figure 4
Figure 3: Advanced BIOS Features
Figure 4: Advanced Chipset Features
Peripherals inegrated
This menu lets you change the various devices I E / S as the IDE controllers, serial ports, parallel port, keyboard
etc. You can make the necessary changes. See figure 5.
Figure 5: Integrated Peripherals
Configuration Power Management
The power management lets you configure various power saving features when the PC is in standby or suspension
mode. See Figure 6.
Figure 6: Power Management Setup
PnP / PCI Configuration
This menu allows you to configure PCI slots. You can assign IRQ's for various PCI slots. It is recommended that
to leave the default settings, it can be tricky to play around with IRQ. See Figure 7.
Figure 7: PNP / PCI Configurations
PC health status
This menu displays the current CPU temperature, fan speed, voltages, etc. You can set the temperature warning
Which will trigger an alarm if the CPU exceeds the specified temperature. See Figure 8.
Figure 8: State PC Health
Load Fail-Safe Defaults
If you made changes to the BIOS and the system becomes unstable as a result, you can change it back by default.
However, if you made many changes and do not know what is causing the problem, it is best to choose the
option "Load Fail Safe Defaults Mode" menu the BIOS. This environment uses a minimum return, but the system
would be in a stable manner. From the dialog box Choose "Y" followed by ENTER to load defaults Safe.
Load Optimized Defaults
Like the Safe mode above, this option loads the settings BIOS default, but runs the best system
performance. From the dialog box Choose "Y" followed by ENTER to load defaults optimized.
Set Password
To password protect the BIOS can specify a password. Be sure not to forget the password or not can
access the BIOS. The only way to access the BIOS is resetting it to the bridge replacement of the motherboard.
Save & Exit Setup
To save changes to the BIOS you must choose this option. In the dialog box, select "Y".
Abandon
If you want to save changes in the BIOS, choose "N" in the dialog box.
Hard Disk Setup - Partition and Format
This procedure explains how to configure a disk hard again. Warning - if you configure a hard disk that contains data
Complete the following procedure to erase the hard drive and the data would be unrecoverable.
Before that a new hard drive can be used has to be setup. This involves the separation and formatting the hard disk.
Windows 98 or ME boot disk contains the software necessary to perform this procedure. FDISK.EXE and FORMAT.COM
are the necessary files on your startup disk. Start the partition and format procedure by booting PC with a
Windows boot disk. Be sure to set the BIOS to the boot sequence is configured to detect the first floppy disk. If your
system has no problems booting will be presented with a menu of Windows boot disk. This gives you the option
start the system with or without CD-ROM. At this stage do not need the CD-ROM support, so choose the
boot option without CD-ROM. You should end up in the MS DOS prompt A: (One unit). From A: The command
prompt type fdisk. You'll be presented with the following message:
Choose "Y" for large disk support now will be presented with the FDISK main menu as shown below.
From the menu, choose option 1 - Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive. Other The following menu will feature
options.
Select option 1 - Create Primary DOS Partition. FDISK verifies the integrity of your disk and ask if you want
use the maximum available size of your hard disk to create the primary partition and set active. To keep things simple
we create a partition. Choose "Y" to use the maximum space available. When the partition has been created
successful you will be notified by the system. The unit is now known as C: (drive C). Press "Esc" to return to the
menu. Press Esc to exit FDISK. You must restart the system for the changes to take effect. Leave boot disk
drive.When in the system restarts, select Start without CD-ROM disk in the boot menu. While booting from
disk that could get error message like "invalid media type reading drive C:" this is good for this stage as the hard
disk is not formatted.
From the A: prompt type format c: You will receive a message saying "WARNING, ALL DATA IN removable
Unit disk C: will be lost. Proceed with Format (S / N)? .
Do not worry about the message that no data are available on the hard disk again. Choose "Y". The format shall
and show a progress indicator. The time required to format a hard drive depends on the size and speed
unit. This could be about 50-30 minutes. Once format is complete you will need to reboot. It is now
ready to install an operating system.
Windows Setup 98/ME operating system
This procedure shows how to install the Windows ME operating system. The installation procedure for Windows 98 is
very similar to MS. Since Windows ME is the latest Windows 9x family operating system, will be used to demonstrate
the installation procedure.
Start your system with Windows 98 or ME boot disk. When you start the system will present a menu
gives you the option to boot with or without CD-ROM support. Select to start with CD-ROM. This
create a RAM drive and loading a device driver to support your DVD / CD-ROM. RAM unit assigned to D: (D
unit) and CD-ROM drive must be assigned to E: (unit E).
Place the Windows Me CD in the drive. At the A: prompt type E: and press enter. Then type setup. In its
Windows runs the stage based on DOS scandisk to see if your hard drive has a problem. If there are problems
Windows product configuration and starts the Windows ME installation wizard as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Windows ME Setup Wizard
After accepting the license agreement Windows will prompt you to enter your product key. The default directory to
installing windows is c: windows, I recommend that you leave default. Then, would give four types of
installation options that are typical, portable, compact, and Custom. The choice typically install most
common components and is suitable for most people. If you want to specify which components to install and then choose
customized. You are presented with few dialog boxes that come into your name and company name, choice of
create a boot disk Windows ME before the file copy process begins. After completing the process of copying Windows
restart and boot from the hard disk, make sure you remove the floppy drive. It will detect your plug
and devices play and present a little more dialog boxes. Just read the instructions in the dialog box and continue
as needed. Windows restarts again after completing the final installation stage. This does not mean that everything is
Installation complete. Some of your hardware device may have Conflict or not, drivers are loaded as Windows does
does not contain the drivers.
From Device Manager, check whether all drivers is loaded or if there is any conflict. From the start menu
select Start -> Settings -> Control Panel. Click the System icon and then from System Properties window
select the Device Manager tab. Includes all devices as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Device Manager Windows
If there is a yellow exclamation mark "!" next to the device from the list, this means that no drivers or incorrect drivers
is loaded for that device. Your hardware should come with the manufacturer-supplied drivers. You need to install
these drivers using automatic setup program provided by the manufacturer or it is necessary to manually install these
drivers. If you do not have the drivers, see the manufacturers website for downloading.
For install a driver manually use the following procedure:
1. From the Device Manager double-click the device that contains an exclamation mark.
2. This would open a device properties window.
3. Click the Driver tab.
4. Click the Update Driver button. The Upgrade Wizard Controller device appears as shown in Figure 3.
5. You now get two options. The first option offers an automatic search for the driver necessary. The second
option lets you specify the location of the driver. If you do not know the location of the driver to choose the
Auto Search which is the required driver from the manufacturer supplied CD or diskette.
Windows will install the required driver and ask you to restart your system for the changes take effect.
Use this procedure to install the drivers for all devices containing an exclamation point. Windows is
full configuration when there are no exclamation marks in Device Manager.
Figure 3: Installing device drivers
Installing Windows XP Professional
This procedure demonstrates how to install Windows XP Professional. The installation procedure of Windows XP Home
edition is very similar to professional editing. Since Windows XP Pro is more advanced operating system, will
used to demonstrate the installation procedure.
The best way is to install Windows XP a clean installation. It is difficult to make a clean installation. Before you
installation I recommend you see Windows XP Compatibility List to ensure that your hardware is
supported by XP. If the hardware is not on the compatibility list you can check the hardware manufactures website to
download drivers for Windows XP. Save all necessary drivers on floppy disks or CD before starting the
installation.
All versions of Windows XP CD is bootable. In order to boot from the CD-ROM have to set the boot sequence. Look
for the boot sequence in BIOS settings and make sure that the first device is set to boot CD-ROM. If you have
an older PC and your BIOS supports booting from CD-ROM then you need to create boot disk floppy 6
discs. You can download the following Microsoft program that will create the 6 floppy setup disks:
Windows XP Home Edition - http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/release.asp?releaseid=33290
Windows XP Professional - http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/release.asp?releaseid=33291
If your computer can boot from CD-ROM then you can make the following steps to install Windows XP:
1. Start your PC and insert the Windows XP CD in your CD / DVD-ROM.
2. Your PC should automatically detect the CD and receive a message that says "Press any key to boot from the CD."
3. Press any key to boot from the Windows installation CD and going to start. Windows start preliminary copying installation files to your
equipment.
4. You will be asked if you want to perform a new installation, repair an existing installation, or quit. In this case,
will be a new installation.
5. You'll be presented with the End User License. Press F8 to agree and continue.
6. Select the partition you want to install windows. You will have the opportunity to create and / or delete partitions
or simply allocate the available disk space a partition.
7. The next screen asks if you want to use the NTFS file system. This is the recommended file system. If you choose
Use FAT32, you will not all the features of security and stability of Windows XP.
8. Select to format the partition in FAT32 or NTFS. You also see two additional options for rapid
format of each option. Stick with the completion of a full format. When asked to start the slideshow, press the "F". The format
process may take some time depending on the size of your hard drive.
9. The installation program will automatically begin copying files after the partition is formatted and you will see a configuration
the progress bar.
10. After completing the computer restarts. Leave CD XP on the drive, but this time DO NOT press any key
when the message "Press any key to boot from CD" on the screen. Within seconds, the installation continue.
11. Windows XP Setup Wizard guides you through the installation process of collecting information about your computer.
12. Select region and language.
13. Type in your name and organization.
14. Enter your product license key.
15. Name of the computer, and enter a administrator password. Do not forget to enter your admin password.
16. Enter the correct date and time.
17. Choose workgroup or domain name.
18. Register Windows XP if you have installed all the current hardware on your machine.
19. Add to the users who log on to this computer.
20. Register at your PC for the first time. Now you should check the device manager to confirm that all drivers have
loaded or there is some conflict. From the Start menu, select Start -> Settings -> Control Panel. Click the
System icon and then from the System Properties window select the Hardware tab and then click Device Manager.
This lists all the devices as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Device Manager in Windows XP
If there is any yellow exclamation mark "!" next to the device from the list, this means that no drivers or incorrect drivers
is loaded for that device. Your hardware should come with the manufacturer-supplied drivers. You need to install
these drivers using automatic setup program provided by the manufacturer or it is necessary to manually install these
drivers. If you do not have the drivers, see the manufacturers website for downloading.
To install manual controller uses the following procedure:
(A) From the Device Manager, click twice on the device containing the exclamation point.
(B) This will open a device properties window.
(C) Click the Driver tab.
(D) Click the Update Driver button. The Wizard for updating device driver appears as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Installing device drivers
Now you can get two options. The first option offers an automatic search for the driver. The second option
allows you to specify the location of the driver. If you do not know the location of the driver choose the automatic search
to find the required driver from the manufacturer supplied CD or diskette. Windows install
required driver and may ask you to restart your system for changes to take effect. Use this procedure to install
drivers for all devices containing an exclamation point. Windows is completely setup when there is no
exclamation marks in Device Manager
Solution problems
Below is a list of common problems experienced during the assembly of a PC. Please review the list could have the
possible solution to their problems.
Problem: Computer will not boot, power and HDD LED does not light, there is no display on the monitor.
Solution: Verify that the cable main power is connected to the ATX power supply. Make sure you have connected
ATX power connector to the motherboard. Make sure the cable for the power switch on the front of the PC is connected to the
correct pins on the motherboard.
Problem: The LED is illuminated, but the PC does not start, there is no display on the monitor.
Solution: Check if the processor firmly into the socket. Check CPU bridges to check if the CPU frequency is correctly
whole.
Problem: Computer does not start, but beeps.
Solution: different BIOS manufacturers use different number of beeps indicate various hardware failures. In a
Award BIOS motherboard get the following shades:
1 long 2 shorts: Graphics card is not properly in place, or defective.
1 long 3 short: Graphics card is not properly in place, or faulty video memory.
Continuous beeps: No memory or memory is not well in place, or it could be defective.
Continuous high / low beeps: No CPU, or CPU is not well in place, or it could be defective.
Please see your motherboard manual to confirm what the beeps are trying to say.
Problem: The PC boots but the CPU speed is not correct.
Solution: The CPU frequency jumper settings are incorrect. Check the motherboard manual to set it up correctly.
Problem: The hard disk has not been detected by the BIOS.
Solution: Check the IDE cable connection to the motherboard properly, pin 1 is connected to IDE cable
pin 1 on the basin of the motherboard IDE connector and therefore hard disk connector. Check the HDD jumper is set
teacher and any other device sharing the same cable is set to slave. Please see installation on the hard disk for
more details
Problem: I can not access my CD / DVD-ROM in DOS mode, therefore, can not install Windows.
Solution: CD / DVD device driver-ROM is not installed. Install the manufacturer-supplied device driver. If you do not
have a driver disk device can use the Windows boot disk that will facilitate access to CD / DVD-ROM, so
you can install Windows.
Chapter Three
Computing System Troubleshooting and Maintenance
There are two types of people who need to learn computer troubleshooting problems.
1. PC users want to solve your computer problems.
You may be having a computer problem you need to do a computer quick troubleshooting and solution. This is a
vast area.
2. Those who want to learn computer troubleshooting in depth.
You probably want to start from the very and learn basic to advance techniques to problem solving and team as a
pro. Then the information below is for you.
Hardware Troubleshooting
This hardware troubleshooting section will help if you have a problem with your computer and need a quick fix.
Hardware is difficult to separate the operating system. So this section will also have tips for computer
troubleshooting software.
The hardware troubleshooting steps listed below are only for PCs with Windows operating system.
Basic Computer Troubleshooting Guidelines
Ideally, once you have installed the hardware, you can simply use that, over and over again-without having to dig
in the Windows configuration and make changes. Unfortunately, too often, this ideal is somewhat lower than
actually happens. Sometimes you have to reconfigure the hardware. On other occasions, you must reinstall the system for
that works. At other times, you do not have a problem at all, just want to update software components
take new or improved features. Windows XP offers a number of wizards and dialog boxes to help
work with the drivers for your hardware and settings. The most important tool, the Device Manager provides a central focus of
this chapter.
Windows XP also includes a number of tools for the maintenance of your system. Since your hard drives are the
most important piece of hardware to maintain, this chapter also hard tools disk maintenance. Between
Device Manager and hard disk utilities, you can maintain the hardware in your system work smoothly.
What is the Device Manager and how to use it to troubleshoot hardware?
Without doubt, the Windows Device Manager serves as your best friend in the discovery and hardware solution
problems. Device Manager displays a list of all your hardware arranged in categories with each point accessible
locate the category correct and expand by clicking the plus sign (+) on your left. Device Manager utility
comes to the fore when a device malfunction. For Open Device Manager (Windows XP), click Start button, right mouse button
My Computer and select Properties. From the dialog box Resulting System Properties, click the Hardware tab.
In the Device Manager section of the dialog box, click the Device Manager button devices. After a brief delay, the device
Manager application opens.
His first recognition hardware status is carried out immediately, according with the following opinions:
If all categories display closed, without indicating the devices, Device Manager is not aware of any
hardware malfunction. The device still can not work, but from the standpoint of Windows XP, works very well.
If Windows XP looks like the malfunction of devices, the Device Manager opens with the category of device automatically
expanded to reveal the hardware problem. After Upgrading to Windows XP or install for the first time, you must
wait one or more devices to show how non-functional, waiting for drivers.
REPAIR DEVICES OF HARDWARE
Device Manager gives you two main options for configuring hardware devices: the configuration of the resources used
and changing the drivers associated with it. Of these two, the driver update occurs more frequently because
Windows XP has proved particularly adept in the management of system resources. However, you can adjust the system resources
manually if you come across conflicts with the result that you can solve almost all hardware problems from within
Device Manager, except those in which the hardware itself is not working due to mechanical malfunction.
Tip: If a hardware device stops working completely and you can not solve the problem in just minutes, you can be
you have a problem rather than a electronics. Consider removing the hardware device, and install
another computer if one is available. If the hardware still does not work and still get no His response can be assumed
that has bitten the dust and can be discarded or, in the case of expensive hardware devices such as printers or
monitors, sends to a repair shop.
Computer hardware troubleshooting: Troubleshooting Step by Step RAM (Memory)
It is rare, but the modules RAM can cause problems. Unfortunately, not always true that errors of memory that is
notified by the system is actually due to problems with modules RAM. Worse still is that an unstable system can
be due to many problems including lack of RAM.
Step 1: Back up all important files and data. You should be doing this regularly anyway, if the computer is
showing signs of failure not wait any longer to do this work.
Step 2: Start simple and analyze the problem.
• Have added or replaced RAM?
• Is it installed properly?
• Have you moved the computer? RAM can come loose.
• Is a new computer? RAM modules could not have been inserted properly.
• Have you installed all new hardware upgrades?
• Have you installed new software or may be a virus problem?
• Have you changed or installed patches for your operating system?
• Is the correct type of RAM?
• Is the RAM module connectors tin or gold?
• When the computer starts (boots) does report the correct amount of RAM?
• Does your system claim the right amount of memory RAM?
• Are there any messages indicating POST RAM problems?
• Does the report of errors or system failures par direction while the system is working?
• Do you receive a Windows error message "exception error OE in>> 0137: BFF9z5d0" or something similar?
• You have tried everything else!
Any of these can indicate a problem with the RAM module or something related to it.
WARNING: Before starting the troubleshooting remember that it is electricity that can be fatal. Only work
inside the computer case when the power off has been changed and disconnected. Never open the power supply.
Step 3: S
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